CONTENTS

PREFACE - vii

1  FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS - 1
    1-1   Historical Perspective, 1
    1-2   The Basic Communications Systems, 2
    1-3   Nature of Light, 17
    1-4   Advantages of Fibers, 20
    1-5   Applications of Fiber Optic Communications, 24
    1-6   Summary, 29
          Problems, 32
          References, 34

2  OPTICS REVIEW - 35
    2-1   Ray Theory and Applications, 35
    2-2   Lenses, 38
    2-3   Imaging, 42
    2-4   Numerical Aperture, 44
    2-5   Diffraction, 46
    2-6   Summary, 49
          Problems, 50
          References, 50

3  FUNDAMENTALS - 52
    3-1   Electromagnetic Waves, 52
    3-2   Dispersion, Pulse Distortion, and Information Rate, 54
    3-3   Polarization, 65
    3-4   Resonant Cavities, 65
    3-5   Reflection at a Plane Boundary, 68
    3-6   Critical-Angle Reflections, 72
    3-7   Summary, 74
          Problems, 75
          References, 76

4  INTEGRATED OPTIC WAVEGUIDES - 78
    4-1   Dielectric Slab Waveguide, 78
    4-2   Modes in the Symmetric Slab Waveguide, 80
    4-3   Modes in the Asymmetric Slab Waveguide, 86
    4-4   Coupling to the waveguide, 87
    4-5   Dispersion and Distortion in the Slab Waveguide, 93
    4-6   Integrated Optic Components, 95
    4-7   Summary, 98
          Problems, 99
          References, 100

5  OPTIC FIBER WAVEGUIDES - 102
    5-1   Step-Index Fiber, 102
    5-2   Graded-Index Fiber, 105
    5-3   Attenuation, 108
    5-4   Modes in Step-Index Fibers, 116
    5-5   Modes in Graded-Index Fibers, 120
    5-6   Pulse Distortion and Information Rate in Optic Fibers, 122
    5-7   Construction of Optic Fibers, 129
    5-8   Optic Fiber Cables, 133
    5-9   Summary, 138
          Problems, 140
          References, 143

6  LIGHT SOURCES - 145
    6-1   Light-Emitting Diodes, 145
    6-2   Light-Emitting-Diode Operating Characteristics, 148
    6-3   Laser Principles, 153
    6-4   Laser Diodes, 156
    6-5   Laser-Diode Operating Characteristics, 158
    6-6   Distributed-Feedback Laser Diode, 163
    6-7   Optical Amplifiers, 165
    6-8   Fiber Laser, 167
    6-9   Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Diodes, 168
    6-10  Summary, 169
          Problems, 170
          References, 171

7  LIGHT DETECTORS - 173
    7-1   Principles of Photodetection, 173
    7-2   Photomultiplier, 174
    7-3   Semiconductor Photodiode, 177
    7-4   PIN Photodiode, 178
    7-5   Avalanche Photodiode, 185
    7-6   Summary, 186
          Problems, 188
          References, 189

8  COUPLERS AND CONNECTORS - 190
    8-1   Connector Principles, 190
    8-2   Fiber End Preparation, 200
    8-3   Splices, 201
    8-4   Connectors, 205
    8-5   Source Coupling, 211
    8-6   Summary, 216
          Problems, 216
          References, 218

9  DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS AND FIBER COMPONENTS - 219
    9-1   Distribution Networks, 220
    9-2   Directional Couplers, 227
    9-3   Star Couplers, 230
    9-4   Switches, 232
    9-5   Fiber Optical Isolator, 234
    9-6   Wavelength-Division Multiplexing, 237
    9-7   Fiber Bragg Gratings, 241
    9-8   Other Components: Attenuator, Circulator, and 
           Polarization Controller, 242
    9-9   Summary, 243
          Problems, 244
          References, 246

10 MODULATION - 248
    10-1  Light-Emitting-Diode Modulation and Circuits, 248
    10-2  Laser-Diode Modulation and Circuits, 253
    10-3  Analog-Modulation Formats, 255
    10-4  Digital-Modulation Formats, 258
    10-5  Optic Heterodyne Receivers, 263
    10-6  Summary, 269
          Problems, 271
          References, 272

11 NOISE AND DETECTION – 274
    11-1  Thermal and Shot Noise, 274
    11-2  Signal-to-Noise Ratio, 277
    11-3  Error Rates, 285
    11-4  Modal Noise, Mode-Partition Noise, Amplifier Noise,
           Laser Noise, and Jitter, 291
    11-5  Additional Noise Contributors, 299
    11-6  Receiver Circuit Design, 299
    11-7  Summary, 302
          Problems, 303
          References, 306

12 SYSTEM DESIGN – 308
    12-1  Analog System Design, 308
    12-2  Digital System Design, 312
    12-3  Summary, 321
          Problems, 322
          References, 323

BIBLIOGRAPHY – 324

ANSWERS – 331

INDEX - 337

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